Papaveraceae 01 Floral Formula 01-Floral formula Note that there are only two sepals, there are often many stamens, and the gynoecium is syncarpous. Papaveraceae 02 Introduction 02- Introduction Members of the Papaveraceae are most common in warm parts of the North Temperate zone; the are especially diverse in southwestern North America. Papaveraceae 03 O'Keeffe poppy 03- O'Keeffe poppy One of the most familiar members of the Papaveraceae is the cultivated poppy, which was a favorite subject of painting by Georgia O'Keeffe (see a quote by her in the "Introduction" lecture of your Class Notes. Papaveraceae 04 Sanguinaria habit 04- Sanguinaria habit A common woodland wildflower that blooms early in the spring is Sanguinaria canadensis, a member of the Papaveraceae. Photo by K. R. Robertson in his backyard. Papaveraceae 05 Sanguinaria sap 05- Sanguinaria sap Members of the Papaveraceae usually have milky or colored sap, as in Sanguinaria canadensis, appropriately named bloodroot. In this photo, the yellow arrow points to some cut stems of this species, which are oozing orange-red sap. Photo by K. R. Robertson in his backyard. Papaveraceae 06 Papaver sepals 06- Papaver sepals One characteristic of the Papaveraceae is that there are only 2 sepals, which are caducous, as seen here in the commonly cultivated oriental poppy, Papaver orientale. The petals are often crumpled in bud. Photo by K. R. Robertson at Robert Allerton Park, Piatt County, Illinois, which is owned by the U of I. Papaveraceae 07 Papaver flowers 07- Papaver flower There are usually 4 showy petals (except in double flowered cultivated varieties). Photo by K. R. Robertson at Robert Allerton Park, Piatt County, Illinois. Papaveraceae 08 Papaver flower 08- Papaver flower A close-up of one flower of Papaver orientale. Note the extremely numerous stamens and the superior, syncarpous gynoecium, and superior ovary; the number of stigmas correspond to the number of carpels. Photo by K. R. Robertson at Robert Allerton Park, Piatt County, Illinois. Papaveraceae 09 Papaver ovary l.s. 09- Papaver ovary l.s Close-up of the gynoecium of Papaver orientale. Count the number of stigmas on the left and compare with the number of white parietal placentae (yellow arrow) in the cross section of the ovary on the right. Note the numerous brown ovules on the placentae that are developing into seeds. If you look carefully at the cut ovary wall, you can see some white milky sap oozing out. Photo by K. R. Robertson & D. L. Nickrent. Papaveraceae 10 Papaver fruits 10- Papaver fruits The fruit of the Papaveraceae is usually a capsule, and in the genus Papaver it is a poricidal capsule. Note the pores (yellow arrow). Photo by K. R. Robertson from fruits in the PB260 fruit collection. Papaveraceae 11 Papaver dispersal 11- Papaver dispersal The fruits of poppy display a "shaker" method of dispersing the seeds. The fruits are on long stems that wave in the wind, shaking the seeds out through the pores. We will cover this later in the lecture on "Dispersal." Papaveraceae 12 Papaver seeds 12- Papaver seeds Poppy seeds come from Papaver somiferum, the same species from which opium is produced. However the seeds do NOT have a narcotic effect. They DO have a nice nutty flavor and are used in breads and cakes. The intricate geometric patterns on the seeds were drawn by Robert Hooke in his book Micrographia, published in 1665, when magnifying lenses and microscopes were the latest technological development. Photo by K. R. Robertson. Papaveraceae 13 Poppy Seed Cakes 13- Poppy Seed Cakes There is a wonderful old children's book entitled "The Poppy Seed Cakes" written by Margery Clark and first published in 1924. Papaveraceae 14 Papaver somiferum 14- Papaver somiferum Opium and the drugs derived from it (morphine, heroin, codeine) come from the sap of Papaver somiferum that has been allowed to dry. Papaveraceae 15 Stylophorum habit 15- Stylophorum habit The celandine poppy, Stylophorum diphyllum, is a colorful spring woodland wildflower that is especially common in southern Illinois. Photo by K. R. Robertson at Fern Rocks Nature Preserve, Giant City State Park, Jackson County, Illinois. Papaveraceae 16 Stylophorum flowers 16- Stylophorum flowers The caducous sepals have already fallen off these flowers of Stylophorum diphyllum. Note the 4 petals, many stamens, and syncarpous gynoecium with a superior ovary. Photo by K. R. Robertson at Fern Rocks Nature Preserve. Papaveraceae 17 Stylophorum flower l.s. 17- Stylophorum flower l.s A flower of Stylophorum diphyllum in longitudinal section. Note the numerous stamens, the superior ovary, and the many ovules with parietal placentation. Some yellow sap can be seen where the ovary wall has been cut open. Photo by K. R. Robertson & D. L. Nickrent from plants growing in Dr. Robertson's backyard. Papaveraceae 18 Stylophorum seeds 18- Stylophorum seeds Close-up of seeds of Stylophorum diphyllum. Note the pale colored elaiosome on each seed that attracts ants to carry the seeds away from the parent plant. Photo by K. R. Robertson and D. L. Nickrent. Papaveraceae 19 Sanguinaria habit 19- Sanguinaria habit This is Sanguinaria canadensis, bloodroot, again, a common spring woodland wildflower. The caducous sepals have fall off all of these flowers. Photo by K. R. Robertson from plants in his backyard. Papaveraceae 20 Sangrinaris flower 20- Sangrinaris flower Close-up of a flower of Sanguinaria canadensis showing the 8 petals, numerous stamens, and syncarpous gynoecium with a superior ovary. Photo by K. R. Robertson from plants in his backyard. Papaveraceae 21 Sanguinaria flower l.s. 21- Sanguinaria flower l.s A flower of Sanguinaria canadensis in longitudinal section. Note the superior ovary, numerous ovules, and parietal placentation. Photo by K. R. Robertson & D. L. Nickrent. Papaveraceae 22 Meconopsis flower 22- Meconopsis flower The blue poppy, Meconopsis betonicifolia is native to The Himalaya, and the flowers have a very striking color! Note the 4 petals, numerous stamens, and syncarpous gynoecium with a superior ovary. Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England. Papaveraceae 23 Meconopsis flower l.s. 23- Meconopsis flower l.s A longitudinal section of a blue poppy flower, Meconopsis betonicifolia. Note the usual features of the Papaveraceae. Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England. Papaveraceae 24 Eschscholzia habit 24- Eschscholzia habit The California poppy, Eschscholzia californica, if beautiful in its native habitat, and it is also widely cultivated. Photo by K. R. Robertson, A–o Nuevo State Reserve, Santa Cruz County, California. Papaveraceae 25 Argemone flower 25- Argemone flower The prickly poppy, Argemone mexicana, is appropriately named as the whole plant is covered with prickles, even the sepals before they fall off (white arrow). Photo by K. R. Robertson, Temascaltepec, Mexico. Papaveraceae 26 Macleaya 26- Macleaya The plume poppy, Macleaya microcarpa, are tall plants (5-8 feet) and large plume-like inflorescences. The flowers lack petals and are wind pollinated. Native to China and Japan, the plume poppy is often cultivated, especially in botanical gardens. Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Chicago Botanic Garden. Papaveraceae 27 Bocconia 27- Bocconia The tree celandine, Bocconia frutescens, is unusual for a member of the Papaveraceae in that it is a tree; it is native to tropical America. The leaves are pinnately lobed. Photo by K. R. Robertson in the botanical garden at the University of California, Berkeley. Papaveraceae 28 Dicentra spectabilis 28- Dicentra spec In your textbook a group of plants are included in the Papaveraceae as subfamily Fumarioideae. These differ from the rest of the Papaveraceae in that they have clear sap, zygomorphic corollas, and 6 stamens. Dicentra spectabilis, bleeding-heart, is commonly cultivated; it is native to Japan. Photo by K. R. Robertson, Mt. Airy Arboretum, Cincinnati, Ohio. Papaveraceae 29 Dicentra canadensis 29- Dicentra canad Two species of the genus Dicentra are common woodland spring wildflowers in Illinois. Dicentra canadensis, squirrel-corn, is one of these species. Photo by K. R. Robertson, Brownfield Woods, U of I. Papaveraceae 30 Dicentra canadensis 30- Dicentra canad The flowers of Dicentra canadensis are zygomorphic. There are 2 very different shaped petals-2 large ones that have nectar spurs at the base and 2 narrow ones that have expanded tips to enclose the anthers and stigma. Photo by K. R. Robertson and D. L. Nickrent from plants at Brownfield Woods, U of I. Papaveraceae 31 Dicentra canadensis 31- Dicentra canad In this longitudinal section of the flower of Dicentra canadensis, you can see the 2 different kinds of petals and the other parts of the flower. Photo by K. R. Robertson and D. L. Nickrent from plants at Brownfield Woods, U of I. Papaveraceae 32 Dicentra cucularia 32- Dicentra cucul The flowers of Dicentra cucularia, Dutchman's britches, do in fact resemble the inflated trousers that Dutchmen used to wear. Photo by K. R. Robertson and D. L. Nickrent, Trelease Woods, U of I. Papaveraceae 33 Dicentra cucularia 33- Dicentra cucul Like the previous species, Dicentra cucularia has 2 differently shaped petals, an inflated outer pair and a narrow inner petals. Photo by K. R. Robertson and D. L. Nickrent, Trelease Woods, U of I. Papaveraceae 34- Dicentra cucularia 34- Dicentra cucul Compare the longitudinal section of a flower of Dicentra cucularia with the photo 29 (D. canadensis) and see if you can figure out the structure. Photo by K. R. Robertson and D. L. Nickrent, Trelease Woods, U of I.