Magnoliaceae	01	Floral Formula	01-Floral Formula	Note that the sepals and petals are present in 3s or some multiple of 3. It is unusual for a dicot to have flower parts in 3s.
Magnoliaceae	02	Introduction	02-Introduction	There are about 12 genera and 220 species in the Magnoliaceae. This family occurs in the eastern Americas and in eastern Asia, but not in Europe or Africa; it is centered in temperate and subtropical Asia.
Magnoliaceae	03	Tree	03-Tree	Tree trunk of the American tulip tree or tulip popular (<I>Liriodendron tulipifera</I>). All members of this family are woody plants, either trees or shrubs. 	Photo taken by K. R. Robertson at Carter's Plantation, Williamsburg, Virginia..
Magnoliaceae	04	Shrub	04-Shrub	This star magnolia (<I>Magnolia stellata</I>) is a deciduous shrub, and the flowers appear before the leaves emerge in spring. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	05	Leaves	05-Leaves	The southern magnolia (<I>Magnolia grandiflora</I>) has evergreen leaves; the leaves are simple with entire margins. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at Williamsburg, Virginia.
Magnoliaceae	06	Big leaves	06-Big leaves	The leaves of the big-leaf magnolia (<I>Magnolia macrophylla</I>) are the largest of any native flowering plant in the temperate regions of North America. The leaves in this photo are about 18 inches long, but they can be nearly 3 feet long! 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Coker Arboretum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Magnoliaceae	07	Stipule scars	07-Stipule scars	The winter twigs of all Magnoliaceae have stipule scars that encircle the twigs (yellow arrow). These are winter twigs of the American tulip tree or tulip popular (<I>Liriodendron tulipifera</I>). 	Photo by K. R. Robertson on the University of Illinois Campus.
Magnoliaceae	08	Stipules	08-Stipules	In the Magnoliaceae, winter buds are actually stipules, and in this photo, the stipule (yellow arrow) is splitting open so that the young leaves (blue arrow) can emerge. The stipule will leave a circular scar on the twig when it falls off (orange arrow). This is the Fraser magnolia (<I>Magnolia fraseri</I>). 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
Magnoliaceae	09	Stipule	09-Stipules	In this photo, the winter bud has open up much more, and the stipule that formed the winter bud has fallen off. The white structures are stipules found at the base of each leaf; soon these will fall off as well. This is the umbrella magnolia (<I>Magnolia tripetala</I>). 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England.
Magnoliaceae	10	Flower buds	10-Flower buds	The flower buds in magnolias are formed the previous fall and are also covered by a stipule that functions as a bud scale. In the star magnolia, these stipules are very hair. The yellow arrow points to a stipular bud scale, while the green arrow points to the outer petals of an emerging flower. This is the star magnolia (<I>Magnolia stellata</I>). 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
Magnoliaceae	11	Flowers	11-Flowers	A flowering branch of the commonly cultivated saucer magnolia (<I>Magnolia</I> x <I>soulangeana</I>). There are 3 petal-like sepals and 6 petals. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	12	Flower	12-Flower	One flower from the side, a green arrow points to one of the 3 petal-like sepals. There are many cultivars of the saucer magnolia (<I>Magnolia</I> x <I>soulangeana</I>); this is 'Andre LeRoy', which has darker flowers than the usual type. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
Magnoliaceae	13	Magnolia flower	13-Magnolia flower	One flower--note the numerous stamens (green arrow) and the many carpels on an elongate receptacle (yellow arrow). This is white bark magnolia (<I>Magnolia hypoleuca</I>). 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England.
Magnoliaceae	14	Magnolia flw dissected	14-Magnolia flw dissected	Flower with several sepals, petals, and stamens removed. Note the spirally arranged stamens with laminar stamens (green arrow) and the numerous free carpels on an elongated receptacle. This example is a saucer magnolia (<I>Magnolia</I> x <I>soulangeana</I>). 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at University of Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	15	Magnolia fruit	15-Magnolia fruit	The basic fruit type in the Magnoliaceae is a follicle (or a samara). This whole structure comes from one flower, thus it is an aggregate fruit of follicles. Each of the many follicles are rather woody. The seeds are covered with a fleshy red aril. Each seed is suspended from an elongated funiculus to make them readily available to birds, who eat and then disperse the seeds.
Magnoliaceae	16	Magnolia flower to fruit	16-Magnolia flower to fruit	Study how the fruit develops from the flower. The sepals and petals fall off, leaving scars on the mature fruit (lower green arrow). The spirally arranged stamens fall off, leaving scars on the fruit (upper green arrow). Each of the distinct carpels from the apocarpous gynoecium develops into a follicle. Each follicle contains 2 bright red seeds. Since the whole fruiting structure comes from one flower but has many follicles, it is an aggregate fruit.
Magnoliaceae	17	Magnolia fruit 	17-Magnolia fruit 	Photograph of the aggregate of many follicles. In this fruit of the southern Magnolia (<I>Magnolia grandiflora</I>) the seeds have already been eaten by birds. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson, Washington, D.C.
Magnoliaceae	18	Magnolia x soulangeana	18-Magnolia x soulangeana	The saucer magnolia (<I>Magnolia</I> x <I>soulangeana</I>) is the most commonly cultivated magnolia in Illinois. It is a hybrid between two species native to eastern Asia. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	19	Magnolia x soulangeana	19-Magnolia x soulangeana	The flowers of the saucer magnolia (<I>Magnolia</I> x <I>soulangeana</I>) are produced before the leave emerge; remember the outer 3 floral parts are sepals. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	20	Magnolia x soulangeana	20-Magnolia x soulangeana	Since the saucer magnolia (<I>Magnolia</I> x <I>soulangeana</I>) is not native to Illinois, it is not well adapted to the widely fluctuating temperature we have in Illinois. The flowers often open early in the spring, only to be covered with snow, and the flowers then turn brown. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	21	Magnolia stellata	21-Magnolia stellata	Star magnolia (<I>Magnolia stellata</I>), a native of eastern Asia, is a large shrub that seen fairly frequently in cultivation. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	22	Magnolia stellata	22-Magnolia stellata	The flowers of star magnolia (<I>Magnolia stellata</I>) have more numerous and narrower petals than those of the saucer magnolia. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Magnoliaceae	23	Magnolia acuminata	23-Magnolia acuminata	The cucumber magnolia (<I>Magnolia acuminata</I>) is native to the eastern United States, including extreme southern Illinois. The green flowers are not very conspicuous. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England.
Magnoliaceae	24	Magnolia acuminata	24-Magnolia acuminata	One flower of a cucumber magnolia (<I>Magnolia acuminata</I>). Note the 3 sepals (yellow arrow). The aggregate fruit looks somewhat like a cucumber, hence the common name. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
Magnoliaceae	25	Magnolia acuminata	25-Magnolia acuminata	The flowers of the yellow cucumber magnolia (<I>Magnolia acuminata</I> var. <I>subcordata</I>) are pale yellow. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Magnoliaceae	26	Magnolia tripetala	26-Magnolia tripetala	The umbrella magnolia (<I>Magnolia tripetala</I>) is native to the southeastern United States. The large flowers are 6-10 inches across and appear after the leaves have expanded. Again, there are 3 sepals. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Magnoliaceae	27	Magnolia macrophylla	27-Magnolia macrophylla	The bigleaf magnolia (<I>Magnolia macrophylla</I>) is native to the southeastern United States. The flowers are huge, 8-12 inches across! Like other magnolia flowers, there are numerous stamens and many carpels on an elongated receptacle. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson, private garden, Charleston, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	28	Magnolia macro. leaf	28-Magnolia macro. leaf	This photo is of an impression made by a leaf of a bigleaf magnolia (<I>Magnolia macrophylla</I>) in a concrete sidewalk. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the University of North Carolina Botanic Garden, Chapel Hill; foot by Scott McKay.
Magnoliaceae	29	Magnolia fraseri	29-Magnolia fraseri	The Fraser magnolia (<I>Magnolia fraseri</I>) is similar to the bigleaf and umbrella magnolias. It is rich woods in the southern Appalachian Mountains. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England.
Magnoliaceae	30	Magnolia grandi tree	30-Magnolia grandi tree	A large tree of a southern magnolia (<I>Magnolia grandiflora</I>) in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. This species is native to the southern United States and is commonly cultivated there and in many other regions of the world. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson.
Magnoliaceae	31	Magnolia grandi flower	31-Magnolia grandi flower	A first day flower of a southern magnolia (<I>Magnolia grandiflora</I>) with the stigmas receptive to pollen, but the anthers still closed (i.e., the flowers are protogynous). 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Magnoliaceae	32	Magnolia grandi flower	32-Magnolia grandi flower	A second day flower of a southern magnolia (<I>Magnolia grandiflora</I>) with the stigmas no longer receptive to pollen, but the anthers are shedding pollen and then falling off. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Magnoliaceae	33	Magnolia grandi flower	33-Magnolia grandi flower	An older flower of a southern magnolia (<I>Magnolia grandiflora</I>) with the stamens all fallen off, but the petals still present. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Magnoliaceae	34	Magnolia grandi fruit	34-Magnolia grandi fruit	A young, developing fruit of a southern magnolia (<I>Magnolia grandiflora</I>) note the styles recurving from each carpel. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Magnoliaceae	35	Magnolia grandi fruit	35-Magnolia grandi fruit	Fruit of a southern magnolia (<I>Magnolia grandiflora</I>) from last year still persistent on a tree. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Magnoliaceae	36	Magnolia grandif cv	36-Magnolia grandif cv	There are numerous cultivars of southern magnolia (<I>Magnolia grandiflora</I>), and this one called 'Samuel Sommer' that has very large flowers measuring 10-14 inches in diameter. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England.
Magnoliaceae	37	Magnolia virgi flower	37-Magnolia virgi flower	The bay magnolia (<I>Magnolia virginiana</I>) is native from near the town of Magnolia, Massachusetts southward to Florida. The flower in this photo is just opening, note the 3 sepals. The leaves are evergreen in the south, but deciduous farther north. The flowers are wonderfully fragrant. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia.
Magnoliaceae	38	Magnolia virgi flower	38-Magnolia virgi flower	This is an open first day flower of the bay magnolia (<I>Magnolia virginiana</I>) with the stigmas receptive but the anthers not yet shedding pollen. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	39	Magnolia virgi fruit	39-Magnolia virgi fruit	This fruit of a bay magnolia (<I>Magnolia virginiana</I>) just beginning to open. This in an aggregate of follicles, and each follicle contains 2 red seeds. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	40	Magnolia cv. Freeman	40-Magnolia cv. Freeman	<I>Magnolia</I> cv. Freeman is a hybrid between <I>M. grandiflora</I> and <I>M. virginiana</I>. It is only slightly more winter hardy than <I>M. grandiflora</I>. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England.
Magnoliaceae	41	Magnolia sieboldii	41-Magnolia sieboldii	The Oyama magnolia (<I>Magnolia sieboldii</I>) is native to Japan, Korea, and China. The flowers nod downwards and are about 4 inches in diameter. The brilliant crimson anthers contrast with the white petals, and the green gynoecium protrudes through the anthers. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England.
Magnoliaceae	42	Liriodendron tree	42-Liriodendron tree	The tulip tree (<I>Liriodendron tulipifera</I>), also called tulip popular or yellow popular, is the tallest native tree in eastern North America, up to 200 feettall with trunks 8-10 feet in diameter. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Magnoliaceae	43	Liriodendron leaves	43-Liriodendron leaves	The leaves of tulip tree (<I>Liriodendron tulipifera</I>) have a broad notch at the tip and 3 or 4 lobes on each side. The flowers have 3 sepals (yellow arrow) and 6 petals. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	44	Liriodendron flower	44-Liriodendron flower	The flowers of tulip tree (<I>Liriodendron tulipifera</I>) are shown here. The 6 petals are greenish with an orange marking on the inside. Note the numerous laminar stamens. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	45	Liriodendron flower l.s.	45-Liriodendron flower l.s.	Longitudinal section of a flower of tulip tree (<I>Liriodendron tulipifera</I>). While the color is very different from that of a <I>Magnolia</I> flower, note that the structure is essentially the same, with many spirally arranged stamens, and a gynoecium composed of many free, simple carpels on an elongate receptacle. The brown "hairs" on the gynoecium are the styles/stigmas. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson in Champaign, Illinois.
Magnoliaceae	46	Liriodendron flow-fruit	46-Liriodendron flow-fruit	These two images show the development from flower to fruit in the tulip tree (<I>Liriodendron tulipifera</I>). Each of the many carpels on the elongate receptacle matures into a samara. Since this whole structure comes from one flower, it is an aggregrate fruit of samaras. 
Magnoliaceae	47	Liriodendron cultivar	47-Liriodendron cultivar	This cultivar of tulip tree, <I>Liriodendron tulipifera</I> cv. Aureo-Marginata, has leaves with a broad yellowish margin. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson at the Hillier Arboretum, Hampshire, England.
Magnoliaceae	48	 Michelia figo	48- Michelia figo	The banana shrub (<I>Michelia figo</I>) is native to China and can be grown outdoors only in warm climates. The flowers are incredibly fragrant like ripe bananas. 	Photo by K. R. Robertson of a plant cultivated in a greenhouse, Champaign, Illinois.