IB445 - Chemical ecology

2. Nature of chemical signals

1. Benefits of chemical signaling

2. "Secondary metabolites" defined

3. Elemental composition of secondary metabolites

   a. availability and suitability requirements              

   b. carbon

   c. oxygen                                                                    

   d. nitrogen

   e. hydrogen

4. Opportunism and secondary metabolism

5.   Patterns of production

   a.   phylogenetic trends (Kelly 1996)

   b.   plant vs animals (Eisner, 1970; Rodriguez and Levin, 1975; Nahrstedt, 1982)

   c.   terrestrial vs aquatic (Fenical, 1982; Ruggieri, 1976; Higa and Sakemi, 1983)

6. Defining the active space of a semiochemical (Wilson 1970; Elkinton and Carde 1984)

   a. amount released

   b. physicochemical characteristics of the signal molecule

   c. receptor efficiencies

7. Molecular constraints imposed by the Q/K ratio

8. Functional significance of Q/K ratio variation

References

Bakus, G. J., N. M. Targett and B. Schulte, 1986. Chemical ecology of marine organisms: an overview. J. Chem. Ecol. 12: 951-987.

Berenbaum, M. R., 1993.  Sequestered plant toxins and insect palatability.  Food Insects Newsletter 6:1, 6-9.

Berenbaum, M. and D. Seigler, 1992. Biochemicals: Engineering problems for natural selection.  pages 89-121 in B. Roitberg and M. Isman, eds. Insect Chemical Ecology. New York: Chapman and Hall.

Bjorkman, C. and S. Larsson, 1991. Pine sawfly defence and variation in host plant resin acids: a trade-off with growth.  Ecol. Entomol. 16: 283-289.

Coley, P. D., J. P. Bryant, and F. S. Chapin, 1985.  Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense.  Science 230: 895-899.

Cooksey, C. J. 2001. Tyrian purple: 6,6'-Dibromoindigo and related compounds. Molecules. 6(9): 736-769.

Eisner, T., 1970. Chemical defense against predation in arthropods. pp. 157-217 in E. Sondheimer and J. B. Simeone, eds. Chemical Ecology. New York: Academic Press.

Elkinton, J. S. and R. T. Carde, 1984. Odor dispersion. Pages 73-91 in W. J. Bell and R. T. Carde, eds. Chemical Ecology of Insects. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.

Fenical, W., 1982.  Natural products chemistry in the marine environment.  Science 215: 923-928.

Hamilton, J., A. R. Zangerl, E. Delucia and M. R. Berenbaum, 2001.  The carbon/nutrient balance: its rise and fall.  Ecology Letters 4: 86-95.

Higa, T. and S.-I. Sakemi,1983. Environmental studies on natural halogen compounds. I. Estimation of biomass of the acorn worm Ptychodera flava Eschscholtz (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta) and excretion rates of metabolites at Kattore Bay, Kohama Island, Okinawa. J. Chem. Ecol. 9: 495-502.

Holloway, G.J., P. W. DeJong, and M. Ottenheim,, 1993. The genetics and cost of chemical defense in the two-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.). Evolution 47: 1229-1239.

Howe, N. and Y. Sheikh, 1975.  Anthopleurine:  a sea anemone alarm pheromone.  Science 189:  386-388.

Kearsley, M. J. C. and T. G. Whitham, 1992. Guns and butter: a no cost defense against predation for Chrysomela confluens. Oecolog. 92: 556-562.

Kelly, D. R., 1996. When is a butterfly like an elephant? Chem. & Biol. 3: 595-602.

Kim, Y., G. Brown, H. Mosher, and F. Furham, 1975. Tetrodotoxin: Occurrence in atelopid frogs of Costa Rica. Science 189: 151-152.

Muller, D., L. Jaenicke, M. Donike, T. Akintobi, 1971. Sex attractant in a brown alga: Chemical structure. Science 171: 815-817.

Murphy, T., D. Lean, C. Nalewajko, 1976. Blue-green algae: Their excretion of iron-selective chelators enables them to dominate other algae. Science 192: 900-902.

Miyazawa, K. and T. Noguchi 2001. Distribution and origin of tetrodotoxin. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 20: 11-33.

Nahrstedt, A. 1982. Strukturelle Beziehungen zwischen pflanzlichen und tierischen Sekundarstoffen. Planta Medica 44: 2-14.

Nishida R. 2002.  Sequestration of defensive substances from plants by Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology. 47:57-92.

Nitao, J., J. Hamilton, A. Zangerl, E DeLucia, and M. Berenbaum, 2002. CNB­Requiescat in pace? Oikos 98: 540-546.

Rodriguez, E. and D. Levin, 1975. Biochemical parallelisms of repellents and attractrants in higher plants and animals. Rec. Adv. Phytochem. 10: 214-266.

Rowell-Rahier, M. and J. M Pasteels, 1992. Third trophic level influences of plant allelochemicals. pages 243-277 in G. Rosenthal and M. Berenbaum, eds. Herbivores Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites. Vol. 2. San Diego: Academic Press.

Ruggieri, G., 1976. Drugs from the sea. 194: 491-497.

Targett, N., S. Bishop, O. McConnell, and J. Yoder, 1983. Antifouling agents again the benthic marine diatom, Navicula salinicola homarine from the gorgonians Leptogorgia virgulata and L. setacea and analogs. J. Chem. Ecol. 9: 817-829.

Vickers, N. J. and T. C. Baker, 1994. Reiterative responses to single strands of odor promote sustained upwind flight and odor source location by moths. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91: 5756-5760.

Wilson, E. O., 1970. Chemical communication within animal species.  Pages 133-155 in E. Sondheimer and J. B Simeone, eds. Chemical Ecology.  New York: Academic Press.

Wilson, E. O., 1975. Sociobiology. Cambridge: Belknap Press.

Wyatt, T., 2003. Pheromones and Animal Behavior. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

Revised September 2006