Biology 100/101
Lecture 9: Cell Reproduction
(Print Version)

Announcements &
Assignments

Lecture Objectives

Web Resources

DNA

Chromosomes

Cell Cycle

Control of
the Cell Cycle

Stem Cells

Cancer Cells

Lecture Syllabus

IB 100/101 Home Page

Text readings in Hoefnagels

Chapter 8, The Cell Cycle
Chapter 13, DNA Structure and Function, pgs. 141-145 and fig. 7.11

You have open access (no log-in or password needed) to instructional materials on the Text web site. Select "Resources" from the upper left of the page and select the text chapter you want.

Moodle

You may also ask questions and see answers to your classmates' questions in Moodle in the "Talk to Ed and Mike" forum.

Objectives:

The content of this lecture will help you complete this assignment:

Take-Home Assignment #4 - Meiosis and Genetics Due at Lecture Wednesday October 21 .

After studying this material you should be able to:

1. Draw a diagram, create a concept map, or write a paragraph that explains the relationships among these terms;

chromosomes	sister chromatids	centromeres
telomeres	DNA	nucleotides
bases (A, C, G, T)	complementary base pairing	sugar (deoxyribose)
phosphate group	semi-conservative DNA replication	cell cycle

2. Use common objects such as pencils or paper clips to model the replication and movement of chromosomes in a cell through all stages of the cell cycle.

3. Using your body as a model organism, describe where we would find cells undergoing mitosis and where we would find cells that are not likely to be dividing.

4. Describe the mechanisms by which cell division is controlled in your body.

5. Define the term, apoptosis, and describe the role of this process in normal human development.

6. Describe the special characteristics and functions of stem cells.

Web resources for cell reproduction:

• Genome News Network (GNN) - a good source of news and information!

• Stem Cell Research: The Quest Resumes a Time Magazine cover story, February 9, 2009 - Edition: U.S. Vol. 173 No. 5

• Mitosis: an illustration of the mitotic process provided by Access Excellence.

• Mitosis Animation from Sumanasinc.com

• Cell Division: Binary Fission And Mitosis. This document,from An On-line Biology Book, is an text description of cell division with some nice drawings and lots of mitosis links at the very bottom of the page.

• The Biology Project - Cell Biology from the University of Arizona. The Biology Project is an interactive online resource for learning biology, developed at The University of Arizona.

• Visit cellsalive.com. Select the Mitosis link

• Visit cellsalive.com. Select the Cell Cycle link

• Interactive Chromosome/Gene Poster from Gene Gateway - Exploring Genes and Genetic Disorders

What is DNA, Why do we need it, and Where does it come from?

• Nucleotides and Complementary Base Pairing - A-T & C-G (Hoefnagels Page 142, fig. 7.8)

• Each DNA Nucleotide includes:

• One Base (A, C, G, & T)

• One Sugar (Deoxyribose)

• One Phosphate group

How does DNA replicate?

Hoefnagels, pg 144, figure 7.11

• Semiconservative DNA Replication: The Movie

• The Collaboration of Proteins During Semiconservative Replication [of DNA]

• DNA Wrapping and DNA Replication Movie

What are Chromosomes?

• What are chromosomes made of? (Hoefnagels pg 157, figure 8.2

• Human Chromosomes Hoefnagels Page 158, figure 84.5

• You get one chromosome of each type (1-22, plus X and Y) from your mother in her egg and one from your father in his sperm.

• Single or Replicated Chromosomes? Hoefnagels Page 157, figure 8.3

• Chromosome structure Lewis, et. al. Page 209, figure 12.1

• Chromatids (sister chromatids)

• Sister chromatids are produced by semiconservative DNA replication

• Sister chromatids are exact copies of the original DNA molecule

• Centromeres

• Telomeres

• Interactive Chromosome/Gene Poster from Gene Gateway - Exploring Genes and Genetic Disorders

The Life of a Cell:
Cell Division, Cell Maturation, and Cell Death (Apoptosis)

• Cell Cycle Diagram Hoefnagels Page 160, fig. 8.5

• Visit cellsalive.com and select Cell Cycle

• The Cell Cycle from geneticsolutions.com

Note the form of the chromosomes (duplicated or not) at each phase of the cell cycle.

• Interphase

• G1 (Growth)

• S (Synthesis)

• G2 (Growth)

• Mitosis Animation

• Synchronized Swimming Mitosis

• Mitosis - first half hoefnagels Pg. 162, fig. 8.7

• Mitosis - the middle (metaphase) hoefnagels Pg. 161, fig. 8.6

• Mitosis - Second half hoefnagels Pg. 163, fig. 8.7

• Prophase

• Metaphae

• Anaphase

• Telophase

• Mitosis in relation to the cell cycle from geneticsolutions.com

Note the form of the chromosomes (duplicated or not) at the beginning, during, and at the end of mitosis.

• Other mitosis resources

• Mitosis Animation from Sumanasinc.com

• Mitosis from The On-line Biology Book

• Mitosis from the University of Arizona Biology Project

Control of Cell Division

• Cell Cycle Check Points Hoefnagels pg. 165, fig. 8.9

• Visit cellsalive.com. Select Cell Cycle - then on the cell cycle screen select Checkpoints.

• Cellular Clock - Telomeres

  Telomeres and cell division Hoefnagels 165, fig. 8.10

• Effect of Neighboring Cells - Contact Inhibition Lewis, et. al. pg. 155, fig. 9.12

• Extra Cellular Influences

• Hormones

• Hormone levels control ovulation, celldivision, and apoptosis in building and degrading the endometrium. Lewis, et. al. pg. 807, fig.41.8

• Growth Factors

• Cancer cells produce growth factors that stimulate cell division in nearby blood vessels, resulting in a blood supply for the tumor.

Cell Death - Apoptosis

• Cell division adds cells - Apoptosis removes cells Hoefnagels Pg. 156, fig 8.1

• Normal cell death in damaged cells from geneticsolutions.com

• Death of a cell Hoefnagels Pg. 169, fig 8.14

• Apoptosis and "clean up" by white blood cells from geneticsolutions.com

• Cell Death- Apoptosis helps direct development of an organism Hoefnagels Pg. 168, fig 8.13

Stem Cells

• Somatic Stem Cells Lewis Text, Pg. 156, fig. 9.14

• Cell Populations

• Renewal Cell Populations (digestive tract)

• Expanding Cell Populations (Repair, young organisms, some adult kidney, liver, pancreas, and bone marrow)

• Static Cell Populations (Nerve & Muscle cells - stuck in G1)

• Embryonic Stem Cells Hoefnagels Pg. 159, fig 8.A

• What are Embryonic Stem Cells? from Sumanasinc.com

• The Stem Cell Institute

• Stem Cells and Animal Cloning - Dolly Hoefnagels Pg. 160-61, fig 8.B

• Stem Cell Research: The Quest Resumes a Time Magazine cover story, February 9, 2009 - Edition: U.S. Vol. 173 No. 5

• The Science of Stem Cells

Cancer Treatments Concentrate on Control of Cell Cycle

• Development of cancer Hoefnagels, pg. 8.12, fig, 8.12

• Development of cancer Lewis, pg. 153, fig, 8.17

• Control of DNA Replication

• Preventing Cell Division

• See OncoLink, Cancer types, Treatment, and Resources from the University of Pennsylvania.

• Cancer from Medline Plus diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, prevention, etc.